青藏高原中部岩石圈结构-变形及地球动力学模式的天然地震学研究

根据中法合作项目（１９９２～１９９５）取得的新资料,对青藏高原岩石圈结构、变形及地球动力学模式进行了探讨,研究表明：青藏高原是由不同时期从冈瓦纳古陆分离出的微板块拼合而成的．从新生代开始印度板块与欧亚板块发生高角度陆－陆俯冲,青藏高原内部发生以垂直应变为主的缩短变形,中新世以后增厚的岩石圈上地幔发生不均匀剥离,导致高原快速隆升,并使青藏高原以南北挤压为主的变形变为东西拉张为主的变形,部分地区出现火山活动．     

山东省绿色发展水平绩效评价与驱动机制——基于17地市面板数据

构建绿色发展评价指标体系,并利用熵值法、全局莫兰指数、GWR模型等多种计量方法对2005~2016年山东省17地级市绿色发展水平时空分异特征与驱动机制进行了综合研究,结果表明：① 山东省绿色发展“自上而下”指令性特征比较突出,且依赖于物质消耗型规模增长,势必忽视经济要素横向转移反馈作用与产业集群效应;② 山东省绿色发展水平逐年递增,俱乐部收敛特征较为突出,但其年均增长率仅为1.77%反映了产业轻型化与清型化进程缓慢,绿色发展质量提升之路漫长而艰巨;③ 山东省绿色发展经历了空间依存关系不明显到明显的过程,且绿色发展水平存在明显的空间分异态势,两极化发展特征较为明显;④ 加入空间效应的空间加权回归模型更具有解释力,人均GDP、万人R&D人员数、人均固定资产投资等对于绿色发展水平的优化提升起到正向促进作用,第二产业增加值/第三产业增加值对于绿色发展回归系数呈现负相关,实际利用外资对于绿色发展回归系数有正有负。     

基于结构方程模型的宁波城市居民休闲满意度研究

休闲满意度研究对于提升城市居民美好生活质量具有重要意义。采用Beard等编制的休闲满意度量表,以问卷调查数据为基础,通过构建结构方程模型对浙江省宁波城市居民休闲满意度进行了研究。结果表明：①宁波城市居民对休闲带来的放松体验最满意,教育功能和审美体验次之,身体和心理满意度相对较低,而社会满意度最低。②审美满意度、身体满意度和心理满意度对宁波城市居民休闲总体满意度具有显著影响,其中,审美满意度的影响程度最大,其次为心理满意度和身体满意度,而放松、社交以及教育满意度对休闲总体满意度具有显著影响的研究假设未获支持。③构建的宁波城市居民休闲满意度结构方程模型具有跨样本稳定性特征。研究结果可为提升宁波城市居民休闲满意度提供理论依据。     

长江中下游成矿带及邻区地壳结构——MASH成矿过程的P波接收函数成像证据？

利用长江中下游成矿带多学科深部探测剖面于2009年11月至2011年3月间采集的天然地震数据,通过天然地震接收函数成像等分析研究,得到了研究区地壳和上地幔结构的清晰图像。接收函数成像结果显示研究区内Moho面深度存在着明显的起伏变化,在长江中下游成矿带(指剖面穿过的长江中下游成矿带宁芜矿集区,下同)下方存在着"幔隆构造"。在剖面东南端(即扬子克拉通北缘),Moho面相对稳定,深度约为30km;在茅山和江南断裂附近,Moho面存在上下起伏现象;在剖面中部或宁芜矿集区下方,Moho面存在明显隆起,深度只有28km;在郯庐断裂带下方,Moho面明显加深,深度达到36km;进一步向北到华北地台南缘,Moho面深度逐渐恢复到了32km左右的平均深度水平。其次,我们在接收函数成像结果中发现,长江中下游成矿带与其周边下地壳结构存在着明显的差异,成矿带的下地壳具有显著的地震波方位各向异性。扬子克拉通北缘的下地壳呈高速的近水平状结构,地震波各向异性特征不明显;与此相比,长江中下游成矿带的下地壳虽然也呈近水平状结构特征,但是,对于沿成矿带走向方向传播的地震波,其下地壳具有高速特征,而对于垂直于成矿带走向方向上传播的地震波,其下地壳却又表现为低速特征,这意味着成矿带的下地壳存在着平行于成矿带走向(即近北东—南西)方向的地震波各向异性,我们解释其是下地壳熔融并沿成矿带走向水平流动导致矿物晶体定向排列的结果。最后,在郯庐断裂以西的华北地台南缘观测到一条从上地壳延伸到中下地壳的南南东向倾斜的转换震相,我们推测它可能是合肥盆地内地壳伸展构造的反映。此外,我们发现接收函数成像结果中观测到的"幔隆构造"与远震P波层析成像结果在成矿带下方150km深度上显示的上地幔低速异常(江国明等,另文发表)存在着良好的对应关系,我们解释它们是软流圈物质上涌的遗迹。综合天然地震接收函数成像、远震P波层析成像和前人关于岩浆岩等方面的研究成果,我们认为长江中下游成矿带现今的下地壳可能是中生代发生成矿作用的多级岩浆房系统的一部分,成矿带的形成可能是类似MASH过程的产物。首先,软流圈物质上涌导致了长江中下游成矿带及其周边拉张环境的形成,在其上部地壳中形成了一系列伸展构造;然后,软流圈物质通过底侵进入长江中下游成矿带的原下地壳并与原下地壳物质发生同化作用,形成类埃达克质岩浆;接着,类埃达克质岩浆沿着伸展、拆离构造上升到地壳浅部形成不同层次的岩浆房和侵入岩体,并与围岩作用形成矿床。     

Apodized Lyot coronagraph for SPHERE/VLT: II. Laboratory tests and performance

SPHERE (which stands for Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch) is a second-generation Very Large Telescope (VLT) instrument dedicated to high-contrast direct imaging of exoplanets whose first-light is scheduled for 2011. Within this complex instrument one of the central components is the apodized Lyot coronagraph (ALC). The principal aim of this paper is to report the first laboratory experiment of the ALC designed for the SPHERE instrument. The performance and sensitivity of the optical configuration was first numerically studied with an end-to-end approach (see the results in paper I subtitled ??Detailed numerical study??). Made confident by the results, we then tested a prototype on an infrared coronagraphic bench. We measured the transmission profiles of the apodizer prototype and the coronagraphic performance of the apodized Lyot coronagraph in Y, J, and H bands. The coronagraph sensitivity to lateral and longitudinal misalignments of its three main components (apodizer, coronagraphic mask and Lyot stop) was finally studied in H band. We can conclude that the prototype meets the SPHERE technical requirements for coronagraphy.     

Experimental Set-up for Determining Soil Water Retention Curves for Granular Soils During Drying

Abstract: Soil water retention curves (SWRCs) provide an important means of describing the response of unsaturated soils during drying / wetting processes in terms of variations of degree of saturation, water content or void ratio with suction. A key consideration in generating these curves is how to measure the suction. Frequently the filter paper technique is adopted, especially when high suctions are developed, e.g. with plastic clays. As each measurement takes at least a week with this technique, it can take months or years to generate a full SWRC in drying and wetting. Developments in laboratory tensiometers now allow matrix suctions up to about 1.5 MPa to be measured. With such a device it is possible to develop SWRCs for granular soils such as silts and clays in hours or days by continuous measurement. This paper describes an experimental set-up that was developed to measure changes in volume, water content and matrix suction during drying of three granular soils. Limitations of the apparatus and usefulness of the curves are discussed.     

基于SMS的GRAPES数值预报作业自动化系统

在深入剖析SMS （Supervisor Monitor Scheduler）技术架构的基础上,分析了GRAPES （Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Systesm）数值预报的特点,并对GRAPES传统运行技术和基于SMS技术的运行流程做了对比。运用SMS技术构建了客户端/服务器结构的GRAPES数值预报作业自动化系统,对GRAPES数值预报模式运行的流程做了详尽的划分,将功能类似GRAPES模式的模块组合在一起,在实施过程中将复杂的单一模块拆分成多个任务,把单个任务的功能简单化,以图形化界面直观的显示模式运行流程,实现了GRAPES预报模式作业流程的自动化,极大的提高GRAPES模式业务运行能力,保证模式运行的可靠性和时效性。     

基于GIS的雪灾风险区划

依据巴彦淖尔地区冬春季节降水少、年变率大的气候特点和易形成雪灾的量级指标进行雪灾风险区划。选取1971—2010年11月到次年3月,日降雪量大于等于3mm,并出现积雪和结冰现象为研究对象,分析了降雪量大于等于3mm的降雪日数和积雪深度大于等于5cm的积雪日数年代际变化,结合民政部门历史灾情记载、实地调查、农牧业现状以及各种基础资料数据与GIS技术,从致灾因子、脆弱性评估分析方面,在NOAA卫星遥感雪覆盖监测图像上,利用加权综合与层次分析法,构建雪灾判别模型,得出巴彦淖尔地区雪灾风险区划:雪灾最严重的地区为五原县大部、乌前旗南部和东北部部分区域、乌中旗东南和西南两区域、乌后旗的海力素附近大片区域。     

基于集成综合评价法的气象服务满意度分析

气象服务满意度分析在公众气象服务满意度评价业务上起着非常关键的作用。针对我国31个省市的气象服务满意度现状,采用2010年全国公众气象服务评估调查数据,分别运用主成分分析法和熵值法进行分析,得到两种关于城市气象服务满意度的排序结果。但主成分分析法侧重考虑变量的相关性以及熵值法侧重考虑变量的不确定性,故将两种排序结果在通过一致性检验的基础上,运用集成综合评价法得到另外一种新的排序结果,介于以上两种结果之间。因此得到一个关于城市气象服务满意度的新认识,并给出提高气象服务满意度的建议。     

Numerical Study on the Vertical Water Exit of A Cylinder with Cavity

When a high-speed body with cavity passes through water-air free surface and exits water, its mechanical environment and dynamic characteristics change significantly due to the great difference in density and viscosity between water and air. With focusing on this problem, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is applied to perform numerical calculation on the process of this vapor-liquid-gas flow during the water exit of a high-speed cylinder, with the Volume of Fraction (VOF) multiphase flow interface-capturing techniques and the overset grid technology. After the verification and validation of the CFD model through mesh convergence study and a water-entry experiment, cavity evolution and flow characteristics including pressure and velocity distribution during the water exit are analyzed. The effects of different initial velocities on the pressure distribution and drag characteristics of the cylinder are investigated. Calculated results show that the cavity collapse during water exit causes strong pressure fluctuation on the cylinder; when the cylinder exits water enveloped in a supercavity, the pressure distribution on its wall surface and surrounding water region is relatively uniform, and the drag changes gently, and thus the cylinder has good motion stability.